Showing posts with label pavlov. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pavlov. Show all posts

Souza Junior: Revisitando a Reflexologia Soviética

Do ponto de vista de autores como Canguilhem (1977), Pavlov (1924/1984), Pessotti (1976) e Skinner (1969/1984), é no trabalho de René Descartes (1596-1650) que encontramos a gênese da moderna concepção de reflexo. Tendo uma sólida base nos trabalhos de vivisseção e descrições anatomofisiológicas de Galeno (131-200 d.C.), Descartes inaugura uma nova forma de conceber os meandros das origens do movimento muscular, adotando uma concepção externalista e não metafísica da gênese do movimento, pelo menos naqueles movimentos por ele categorizados como automatismos. Apesar de haver utilizado conceitos já presentes em autores que o precederam, a distinção da posição cartesiana para as demais está no fato de utilizar, pela primeira vez, o termo “reflexo” (esprits réfléxis), tendo, inclusive, antecipado uma concepção da aprendizagem reflexa análoga à teoria dos reflexos condicionados, proposta por Ivan Pavlov, séculos mais tarde (PESSOTTI, 1976: 12-13).

A história da fisiologia dos reflexos percorreu uma trajetória que teria ainda muitos nomes de destaque em momentos anteriores ao século XIX, como Thomas Willis (1621-1675) e Robert Whytt (1714-1766), embora os avanços mais notáveis tenham acontecido a partir do início do século XIX, destacando-se as figuras de Charles Bell (1774-1842) que, em 1811, postula que as inervações medulares anteriores e posteriores exercem funções distintas. François Magendie (1783-1855), em 1822, confirma a tese de Bell experimentalmente. Em 1832-1833, Marshall Hall (1790-1857) descreveu a doutrina da chamada “ação reflexa”. Johannes Müller (1801-1858) publica seis trabalhos sobre os movimentos reflexos em 1833. Rudolph Wagner (1805-1864) propõe um primeiro esquema descritivo para o fenômeno conhecido como “arco reflexo”[1] (CANGUILHEM, 1977). Todas essas perspectivas precederam os modernos estudos de fisiologia desenvolvidos ainda no século XIX por pesquisadores russos, sendo este o conjunto de investigações de maior interesse para a presente análise. Todos estes pensadores e escolas compuseram um movimento que convergiu progressivamente rumo a um enfoque experimentalista e oposto às explicações ditas idealistas da gênese dos movimentos reflexos.

A seguir, serão descritos os principais desenvolvimentos do campo de estudos conhecido como Reflexologia Soviética[2] no século XIX, por meio da exploração do trabalho dos seus representantes mais conhecidos. Esta revisão será empreendida com o intuito da construção de um novo olhar sobre um campo de estudos de grande influência durante todo o século XX e cujas discussões históricas parecem, ainda, abertas.

Souza Junior, Eustáquio. Revisitando a reflexologia soviética. Mnemosine, Vol. 5, No 2, 2009. http://www.mnemosine.cjb.net/mnemo/index.php/mnemo/article/view/362/590


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Life: The Prisoners of Pavlov (5 out. 1953)

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(...) But the Reds do not merely regard prisoners as expendable; they regard them as potential weapons for their side. Thousands of U.N. troops were processed for use in Red propaganda. For this the Communists have a systematic technique based on the experiments of the Russian Physiologist Pavlov, who fed dogs to the ringing of a bell and conditioned them to drool with bogus eating pleasure every time the bell was rung. Communist psychiatry - and political theory - considers that all men are dogs, and that their reflexes can be conditioned accordingly (...)



Life, Editorial 5 out 1953

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Michel Ciardi et Yves Gigou: "Le PCF et l'inconscient" (1986)

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Entre 1933 et 1964, la psychanalyse est officiellement combattue par le P. C.F. Le texte paru en 1949 dans La Nouvelle Critique semble marquer l’apogée de cette bataille idéologique ; en fait, il n’introduit pas de rupture nouvelle. Les rapports entre le P.C.F. et la psychanalyse sont plus ambivalents que ce qui apparaît dans les textes officiels.

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Ethan Pollock: Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars

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Between 1945 and 1953, while the Soviet Union confronted postwar reconstruction and Cold War crises, its unchallenged leader Joseph Stalin carved out time to study scientific disputes and dictate academic solutions. He spearheaded a discussion of "scientific" Marxist-Leninist philosophy, edited reports on genetics and physiology, adjudicated controversies about modern physics, and wrote essays on linguistics and political economy. Historians have been tempted to dismiss all this as the megalomaniacal ravings of a dying dictator. But in Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, Ethan Pollock draws on thousands of previously unexplored archival documents to demonstrate that Stalin was in fact determined to show how scientific truth and Party doctrine reinforced one another. Socialism was supposed to be scientific, and science ideologically correct, and Stalin ostensibly embodied the perfect symbiosis between power and knowledge.

Focusing on six major postwar debates in the Soviet scientific community, this elegantly written book shows that Stalin's forays into scholarship can be understood only within the context of international tensions, institutional conflicts, and the growing uncertainty about the proper relationship between scientific knowledge and Party-dictated truths. The nature of Stalin's interventions makes clear that more was at stake than high politics: these science wars were about asserting that the Party was rational and modern, and about codifying the Soviet worldview in a battle for the hearts and minds of people around the globe during the early Cold War. Ultimately, however, the effort to develop a scientific basis for Soviet ideology undermined the system's legitimacy.

Ethan Pollock is Assistant Professor of History at Brown University.

Reviews and first chapter on Princeton Press

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Nikita Khrouchtchev: Rapport Secret - Le culte de la Personnalité

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Après la mort de Staline, le Comité central du Parti a commencé à appliquer une politique tendant à expliquer brièvement, mais d'une façon positive, qu'il était intolérable et étranger à l'esprit du marxisme-léninisme d'exalter une personne et d'en faire un surhomme doté de qualités surnaturelles à l'égal d'un dieu. Un tel homme est supposé tout savoir, penser pour tout le monde, tout faire et être infaillible.

Ce sentiment à l'égard d'un homme, et singulièrement à l'égard de Staline, a été entretenu parmi nous pendant de nombreuses années. [lire le texte]

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W. Horsley Gant: Bolshevik Principles and Russian Physiology (1952)

Contemporary Bolshevik physiology should be evaluated in the light of Russian history and culture as well as of the present environment. If one interprets happenings in Russia from the viewpoint of one of the Western democracies, with its long and hard-won traditions of emphasis on the rights of the individual, it is very difficult to arrive at any comprehension of the present events. To try to understand the Russians except against their own background and historical position leads only to confusion (...)
(Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists aug. 1952 p. 180-189)

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Revue Esprit (december 1952)

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Ivan D. London: Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry (1952)


"Psychology in the Soviet Union has, since 1936, been the stepchild of pedagogy, and a rather neglected stepchild at that. This strangely inverted relationship did not just happen; nor did it have an inner generation. It was decreed into existence by the Communist party (...)"

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"For the russians, misery; for the rest of us, menace" (Time, 1952)



"The Soviets have spent huge sums in research to learn how the conditioned reflex can be applied to human beings - how hunger, sex, and, above all, fear activate human behavior. Conditioned reflex is the keystone of Soviet psychiatry. It helps explain the puzzling 'confessions' made at show trials by Communism's victims. It is part of the 'brain-washings' now going on in China. the conditioned reflexing of his subjects simplifies a totalitarian ruler's problems enormously. Stalin now has 800 milion dogs to work on. If he has his way, he will condition the reflexes of all mankind." (LIFE 10 nov. 1952)


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J. Konorski: I. P. Pavlov (1949)

J. Konorski: I. P. Pavlov (1949). British Medical Journal Oct. 29, 1949. Lecture delivered on August 29, 1949, at the Polish Cultural Institute, London, on the occasion of the commemoration of the centenary of Pavlov's birth. (pdf file)

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Pavlov: Conditioned Reflexes: an Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex (1927)

Translated by G. V. Anrep (1927).

Lecture I: The development of the objective method in investigating the physiological activities of the cerebral hemispheres. -- Concept of Reflex. -- Variety of Reflexes. -- Signal reflexes, the most fundamental physiological characteristic of the hemispheres. [source]

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Jean-Michel Krivine: Stalinisme : le « complot des Blouses blanches »

Dresde, 10 mars 1953. Parade militaire pour la mort de Staline (Höhne, Erich; Pohl, Erich)

Dresde, 10 mars 1953. Parade militaire pour la mort de Staline (Höhne, Erich; Pohl, Erich)

Le « complot des blouses blanches » (en russe : diélo vratchei ; « l’affaire des médecins ») est la dernière « affaire » mise au point par Staline qui devait mourir trois mois après son déclenchement. Elle est particulièrement instructive car on y retrouve les mêmes méthodes que celles utilisées lors des procès de Moscou des années 1930, où avaient déjà été condamnés trois médecins « criminels ». Mais, fait alors unique, grâce à la mort de Staline, et pour la première fois, les mêmes qui avaient accusé les médecins furent obligés de dire qu’ils avaient menti. Certains d’entre eux, comme Béria, l’un des chefs de la Sécurité, qui avait accompli depuis 1938 les pires œuvres de Staline, annonça lui-même la libération des « médecins sionistes » qui avaient été arrêtés en 1952. Cela n’empêcha pas le chef du parti, Khrouchtchev, et celui du gouvernement, Malenkov, de faire fusiller ce dirigeant (qui cherchait à prendre leur place…) en juin 1953, de n’annoncer son arrestation que le 10 juillet et de prétendre tenir un procès officiel en décembre…

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50´s: Dogmatism on PCF, pavlovian psychology, and Henri Wallon

À propos de sa participation dans le PCF, Henri Wallon a écrit divers articles au début des annés 50.  Beaucoup de ces articles, inspirés par Pavlov. Par exemple, dans les revues La Nouvelle Critique - Revue du Marxisme Militant, et La Raison - Cahiers de Psychopathologie Scientifique. De cette dernière revue, Wallon a été son éditeur. 
Les petits passages au-dessous appartiennent au livre "The French Comunist Party", by Maxwell Adereth. Elles abordent l'approche doctrinale, et la participation de scientifiques comme Wallon.

Extract 1 (page 231):
 
  
 
Extract 2 (page 234):
 
Le livre peut être vu (et acheté) dans Google Books. Pour élargir les citations ci-dessus, double click.

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"All testing, all confirmation and disconfirmation of a hypothesis takes place already within a system. And this system is not a more or less arbitrary and doubtful point of departure for all our arguments; no it belongs to the essence of what we call an argument. The system is not so much the point of departure, as the element in which our arguments have their life."
- Wittgenstein

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"Le poète ne retient pas ce qu’il découvre ; l’ayant transcrit, le perd bientôt. En cela réside sa nouveauté, son infini et son péril"

René Char, La Bibliothèque est en feu (1956)


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